At authorisation
The card network sends an authorisation request through the issuing processor. The programme checks card status, available balance, limits, fraud rules and any required conversion before approving or declining.
Conversion and settlement
If the card is funded with a digital asset balance, the programme records the conversion and reserves the fiat amount required for clearing. Final settlement follows the programme and network arrangement.
Controls and disputes
3DS, merchant-category restrictions, velocity limits, refunds, reversals and chargebacks must connect back to the same card and account ledger.